Background
TYPE II Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus type II is non-insulin dependent diabetes. In Type II diabetes the body becomes resistant to insulin, meaning the body fails to use inulin correctly.
INSULIN
Insulin is a hormone naturally produced by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar. After you eat a meal, insulin is released to help the sugar in your food be absorbed into the body. Sugar being absorbed into the blood stream is how the body uses it for energy. When this mechanism does not work properly the body can become hypoglycemic (low blood sugar) or hyperglycemic (high blood sugar). These conditions can lead to loss of energy, loss of concentration, or shock.
Insulin is a hormone naturally produced by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar. After you eat a meal, insulin is released to help the sugar in your food be absorbed into the body. Sugar being absorbed into the blood stream is how the body uses it for energy. When this mechanism does not work properly the body can become hypoglycemic (low blood sugar) or hyperglycemic (high blood sugar). These conditions can lead to loss of energy, loss of concentration, or shock.
AMPK
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cellular energy sensor that integrates diverse physiological signals to restore energy balance. Another important function of AMPK, it increases insulin sensitivity. AMPK inhibits insulin secretion and signals to increase food intake. In research studies, AMPK activity has been shown to decrease in obese individuals and associated with insulin resistance. Additionally, research has shown that exercise can increase activity of AMPK.
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cellular energy sensor that integrates diverse physiological signals to restore energy balance. Another important function of AMPK, it increases insulin sensitivity. AMPK inhibits insulin secretion and signals to increase food intake. In research studies, AMPK activity has been shown to decrease in obese individuals and associated with insulin resistance. Additionally, research has shown that exercise can increase activity of AMPK.
SYMPTOMS
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COMPLICAITONS
Chronic complications arise when a diabetic doesn't take care of their body and has poor control of their blood glucose levels. Some important complications to be aware of is retinopathy (cataracts or blindness), nephropathy (end-stage renal failure), cardiovascular disease, and polyneuropathy. Polyneuropathy affects peripheral sensory and motor nerves and along with the autonomic nervous system. A diabetic who does have polyneuropathy should be most concern about losing function of their muscles and not being able to feel pain. |
RISK FACTORS
Click the "Risk Assessment" button on the left to take the American Diabetes Association's Risk Test |
MUSCLES
MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS
When we lift, walk, stand, move, our muscles are contracting. Watch the video here to understand how contractions occur. Muscles produce the skeletal movement of the body. They create strong postures and stabilize joints. SIX STEPS OF CROSS BRIDGES 1. Influx of calcium ions allow for actin to bind 2. Myosin and actin bind 3. The power stroke occurs as thin filaments slide 4. ATP binds to the cross bridge causing a disconnection from actin 5. Hydrolysis of ATP 6. Calcium ions return to sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Sources:
Coughlan, K. A., Valentine, R. J., Ruderman, N. B., & Saha, A. K. (2014). AMPK activation: a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes? Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 7, 241–253. http://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S43731
Viollet, B., Horman, S., Leclerc, J., Lantier, L., Foretz, M., Billaud, M., … Andreelli, F. (2010). AMPK inhibition in health and disease. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 45(4), 276–295. http://doi.org/10.3109/10409238.2010.488215
Xu, X. J., Valentine, R. J., & Ruderman, N. B. (2014). AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK): Does This Master Regulator of Cellular Energy State Distinguish Insulin Sensitive from Insulin Resistant Obesity? Current Obesity Reports, 3(2), 248–255. http://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-014-0095-x
http://www.diabetes.org
http://www.healthline.com/health/type-2-diabetes/insulin
Coughlan, K. A., Valentine, R. J., Ruderman, N. B., & Saha, A. K. (2014). AMPK activation: a therapeutic target for type 2 diabetes? Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 7, 241–253. http://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S43731
Viollet, B., Horman, S., Leclerc, J., Lantier, L., Foretz, M., Billaud, M., … Andreelli, F. (2010). AMPK inhibition in health and disease. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 45(4), 276–295. http://doi.org/10.3109/10409238.2010.488215
Xu, X. J., Valentine, R. J., & Ruderman, N. B. (2014). AMP-activated Protein Kinase (AMPK): Does This Master Regulator of Cellular Energy State Distinguish Insulin Sensitive from Insulin Resistant Obesity? Current Obesity Reports, 3(2), 248–255. http://doi.org/10.1007/s13679-014-0095-x
http://www.diabetes.org
http://www.healthline.com/health/type-2-diabetes/insulin